Key Takeaways
- Before joining Chicago, he worked for five seasons in the Houston Astros organization, including two years on its major league coaching staff.
- The Mariners confirmed the appointment through an official November 3 announcement.
- Kanzler spent 2024 through 2026 directing the Chicago Cubs’ player-development operation.
- Kanzler’s first public introduction as Mariners manager is scheduled for November 4 at 2 p.m.
SEATTLE, United States, November 3, 2026: The Seattle Mariners have handed their next championship opportunity to a 36-year-old who has never managed a professional baseball game. Jason Kanzler was appointed the franchise’s 22nd manager on Tuesday, replacing Dan Wilson after Seattle collapsed from 90 victories and an American League Championship Series appearance in 2025 to a 76-86 record and third place in the AL West in 2026. The former Chicago Cubs director of player development becomes Major League Baseball’s second-youngest active manager, with the responsibility of reviving an offense that scored just 664 runs, the third-fewest in baseball.
Kanzler arrives with an unusual résumé: three seasons directing the Cubs’ minor league development system, experience on the Houston Astros’ 2022 World Series-winning coaching staff, and no previous managerial appointment at any level. Seattle chose him over experienced former Astros manager Joe Espada, signaling a preference for fresh thinking over an established dugout record. The decision also places pressure on president of baseball operations Jerry Dipoto, whose third managerial appointment comes just one year after the Mariners stood one victory from their first World Series appearance. Improving coaching, player development and accountability will matter, but Kanzler must also find answers for a struggling lineup, defensive problems and an inconsistent bullpen.
Who Is Jason Kanzler, the Seattle Mariners’ New Manager?
Kanzler is a former minor league outfielder and experienced player-development executive whose coaching career has progressed through several different levels of professional baseball.
Story at a glance

Who Is Jason Kanzler, the Seattle Mariners’ New Manager?
Kanzler is a former minor league outfielder and experienced player-development executive whose coaching career has progressed through several different levels of professional baseball.
Why Did Seattle Choose a Manager Who Has Never Managed?
The decision appears counterintuitive for a franchise attempting to reach its first World Series.
Seattle’s 14-Win Collapse Explains Why Dan Wilson Was Replaced
Wilson entered 2026 with unusually high expectations.
Dan Wilson’s Final Record Shows Why the Decision Was More Complicated Than One Bad Season
Wilson left Seattle with a 187-171 managerial record across his tenure.
Jason Kanzler’s Career: From Minor League Outfielder to MLB Manager
Kanzler’s background is unusual even by the standards of modern baseball coaching.
Read next Eight MLB Stars Face $185.2M Decision as World Series Hero Jake Bauers Weighs Brewers’ $23.15M Offer
He spent the past three seasons as the Chicago Cubs’ director of player development, overseeing minor league players, coaches and the organization’s development structure.
Before joining Chicago, he worked for five seasons in the Houston Astros organization, including two years on its major league coaching staff.
The Mariners confirmed the appointment through an official November 3 announcement.
| Detail | Verified Information |
|---|---|
| Full name | Jason Kanzler |
| Age at appointment | 36 |
| Appointment date | November 3, 2026 |
| New position | Seattle Mariners manager |
| Previous employer | Chicago Cubs |
| Previous role | Director of Player Development, 2024-2026 |
| Previous MLB coaching employer | Houston Astros, 2022-2023 |
| Previous managerial experience | None |
| Mariners franchise appointment | 22nd manager, 19th full-time manager |
| Manager replaced | Dan Wilson |
| Relative age among MLB managers | Second-youngest, behind Washington’s Blake Butera |
His appointment represents a substantial professional transition. Managing a player-development operation involves coaching systems, individual improvement plans and coordination across different teams. Managing an MLB club requires those skills alongside daily lineup decisions, pitching changes, clubhouse leadership and direct accountability for results.
Kanzler’s background gives him experience in the first group of responsibilities. His ability to handle the second remains to be demonstrated.
Why Did Seattle Choose a Manager Who Has Never Managed?
The decision appears counterintuitive for a franchise attempting to reach its first World Series.
Seattle considered candidates with more direct managerial experience, including former Houston Astros skipper Joe Espada.
Yet the Mariners ultimately selected Kanzler after a search that included multiple rounds of interviews and meetings with ownership, baseball operations and coaching personnel.
Dipoto’s explanation centered on the need for a different perspective.
The front office wanted someone capable of challenging assumptions, improving communication and raising standards throughout the organization.
In the official announcement, Dipoto emphasized Kanzler’s expertise and ability to strengthen the team’s competitive culture. General manager Justin Hollander highlighted his leadership and capacity to work with players, coaches and executives.
Those statements establish why the organization believes Kanzler is suitable for the role. They do not establish that his appointment will improve results.
The challenge is particularly interesting because Dipoto’s previous managerial appointments also involved first-time managers.
Scott Servais took over in 2016 without previous professional managerial experience. Wilson likewise entered the position after a career closely associated with Seattle rather than a conventional minor league managerial progression.
Kanzler continues that pattern, but approaches the assignment from a different professional background.
He is an outsider with experience overseeing an entire player-development system.
Seattle’s 14-Win Collapse Explains Why Dan Wilson Was Replaced
Wilson entered 2026 with unusually high expectations.
The Mariners had won the American League West in 2025, finishing 90-72, before reaching Game 7 of the American League Championship Series against Toronto.
Seattle led that best-of-seven series three games to two but lost the final two, missing an opportunity to reach its first World Series.
The following season was supposed to provide another chance.
Instead, the Mariners lost 86 games and missed the playoffs.
| Measure | 2025 | 2026 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Regular-season wins | 90 | 76 | -14 |
| Regular-season losses | 72 | 86 | +14 |
| Winning percentage | .556 | .469 | -0.087 |
| AL West position | 1st | 3rd | Down two places |
| Postseason | Reached ALCS Game 7 | Did not qualify | Missed postseason |
| World Series appearance | No | No | Unchanged |
The figures show: Seattle’s winning percentage fell from 90 divided by 162, approximately 55.56%, to 76 divided by 162, approximately 46.91%.
That represents an 8.64-percentage-point decline using the unrounded calculations, alongside a loss of 14 victories.
The numbers make the scale of the regression unmistakable.
Seattle moved from winning nearly 56% of its games and competing for a pennant to finishing below .500.
The Mariners’ official report on Wilson’s departure identified offensive underperformance, inconsistent starting pitching, bullpen problems, defensive weaknesses and failures of execution among the major reasons the season fell apart.
Wilson was responsible for his team’s performance, but the problems were too extensive to attribute every setback to one manager.
Dan Wilson’s Final Record Shows Why the Decision Was More Complicated Than One Bad Season
Wilson left Seattle with a 187-171 managerial record across his tenure.
That equates to a winning percentage of approximately .522.
He also guided the Mariners to the brink of their first World Series in 2025.
Those achievements deserve recognition when assessing his dismissal.
However, the 2026 team did not sustain its previous progress.
The Mariners’ front office concluded that a new direction was necessary after a season in which problems extended across multiple departments.
There is an important difference between holding a manager accountable for a disappointing campaign and assuming his replacement will independently correct the roster.
That question also emerged elsewhere in the American League West.
In October, the Los Angeles Angels dismissed Kurt Suzuki after a 62-100 season while preparing for a broader organizational reset.
The Sports Encounter’s investigation into the Angels’ managerial change and ownership transition examined why replacing a manager cannot compensate for unresolved structural problems.
Seattle are in a stronger competitive position than the Angels, but the management question is comparable: how much of the improvement must come from the dugout, and how much requires different organizational decisions?
Jason Kanzler’s Career: From Minor League Outfielder to MLB Manager
Kanzler’s background is unusual even by the standards of modern baseball coaching.
He played college baseball at the University at Buffalo, where he developed into an accomplished defensive center fielder.
He won Rawlings collegiate Gold Glove Awards in 2012 and 2013, becoming the first player in NCAA history to claim the honor twice, according to the Mariners’ announcement.
The Minnesota Twins selected him in the 20th round of the 2013 MLB Draft.
Kanzler subsequently played three minor league seasons before moving into coaching.
| Period | Organization | Role or Milestone |
|---|---|---|
| 2013 | University at Buffalo | Outstanding collegiate season; drafted by Minnesota |
| 2013-2015 | Minnesota Twins system | Minor league outfielder |
| 2019 | Houston Astros system | High-A Fayetteville hitting coach |
| 2020 | Houston Astros | Coaching assignment at alternate training site |
| 2021 | Houston Astros | Minor league hitting coordinator |
| 2022 | Houston Astros | Major league coach during World Series championship season |
| 2023 | Houston Astros | Assistant hitting coach |
| 2024-2026 | Chicago Cubs | Director of Player Development |
| November 2026 | Seattle Mariners | Appointed MLB manager |
His minor league playing career consisted of 255 games, during which he batted .249 with a .720 OPS.
Before beginning his professional coaching career, he also worked as a high school science teacher.
That experience adds another dimension to his professional background, particularly in communication and instruction.
It would be speculative, however, to claim that teaching experience automatically makes someone an effective major league manager.
The actual test will involve how he connects with players, communicates expectations and manages situations where individual and organizational objectives conflict.
What Did Kanzler Learn From Houston’s 2022 World Series Champions?
Kanzler was part of the Astros’ coaching staff during their 2022 championship season.
Houston completed that postseason with an 11-2 record and defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in the World Series.
Kanzler subsequently served as an assistant hitting coach in 2023.
The Astros averaged 4.55 runs per game that season, according to the Mariners’ announcement, ranking third in the American League.
Those results establish that Kanzler worked within a successful major league organization.
They do not establish how much of the club’s offensive production can be attributed individually to him.
That limitation is important when evaluating coaching hires.
An assistant contributes within a larger staff, and a team’s performance depends on the roster, other coaches, player health and game execution.
Still, the experience means Kanzler has participated in major league game preparation and postseason operations at the highest level.
Seattle will hope that familiarity helps him transition into managing.
The Cubs Connection: Why Player Development Became Kanzler’s Biggest Selling Point
Kanzler spent 2024 through 2026 directing the Chicago Cubs’ player-development operation.
That role gave him responsibility across different minor league levels, connecting coaches, development staff and players within a broader organizational strategy.
It also required a different approach from ordinary game management.
Minor league development depends on identifying individual weaknesses, setting improvement objectives, monitoring progress and preparing players for higher levels of competition.
Those responsibilities offer potential advantages for Seattle.
The Mariners have younger players and prospects who need consistent instruction as they move toward established major league roles.
A manager with Kanzler’s background could help create continuity between the major league coaching staff and the organization’s development priorities.
However, his appointment does not mean he will personally control every minor league decision.
Seattle’s front office retains responsibility for the wider development structure, roster construction and player acquisitions.
Seattle’s Offense Scored 664 Runs. How Much Can Kanzler Actually Fix?
The most urgent baseball problem facing Kanzler is offensive production.
Seattle scored 664 runs during the 2026 regular season, the third-lowest total in Major League Baseball.
Across 162 games, that represents approximately 4.10 runs per contest.
The team’s struggles were especially disappointing because several prominent hitters entered the season with strong expectations.
Cal Raleigh, Julio Rodríguez and Josh Naylor all endured difficult campaigns compared with their previous standards.
Raleigh batted .182 with 23 home runs and 69 RBIs.
Rodríguez and Naylor also experienced significant regression.
These performances cannot all be attributed to the same cause.
Different players may struggle because of injuries, swing mechanics, plate discipline, timing, approach or other factors. Establishing an individual explanation requires player-specific evidence.
The Offensive Numbers Behind Seattle’s Managerial Change
| Measure | 2026 Result | What It Indicates |
|---|---|---|
| Team runs scored | 664 | Third-fewest in MLB |
| Games played | 162 | Full regular season |
| Runs per game | 4.10 | TSE calculation using 664 ÷ 162 |
| Cal Raleigh batting average | .182 | Substantial offensive struggles |
| Cal Raleigh home runs | 23 | Power production remained present |
| Cal Raleigh RBIs | 69 | Run-producing contribution despite low average |
| Julio Rodríguez | Career-worst season reported | Offensive recovery needed |
| Josh Naylor | Career-worst season reported | Offensive recovery needed |
The comparison shows: If Seattle had scored one additional run per game across the 2026 season, its total would have increased by 162 runs, from 664 to 826.
That is a transparent hypothetical calculation, not a forecast of what Kanzler will accomplish or how many additional games Seattle would have won.
Run production and victories are related, but the relationship is affected by pitching, defense, the distribution of runs and the timing of scoring.
It is therefore inappropriate to claim that a specific increase in runs would automatically restore 14 victories.
The calculation demonstrates the scale of offensive improvement that would be required to substantially change the team’s profile.
Can Kanzler Help Cal Raleigh, Julio Rodríguez and Josh Naylor Rebound?
Kanzler’s experience with player development makes individual offensive improvement a logical area of focus.
Raleigh’s 2026 season was particularly difficult because his low batting average contrasted with the power and run production that remained in his game.
Rodríguez and Naylor also have established major league ability, giving Seattle reason to believe that the roster possesses more offensive potential than it demonstrated.
But potential requires evidence before it can become a prediction.
Kanzler must work with the hitting staff to identify the specific changes each player needs.
That might involve adjustments to pitch selection, swing decisions, contact quality, preparation or game planning.
The appropriate intervention will differ from one player to another.
Seattle’s broader challenge resembles the problem faced by other American League organizations attempting to improve talented but inconsistent offenses.
The Sports Encounter’s analysis of Brian Cashman’s return for a 30th season with the Yankees examined a 110-run offensive decline and the difficulty of converting established talent into another championship run.
That comparison provides context without implying the Yankees and Mariners have identical tactical or organizational problems.
Seattle’s Defensive and Bullpen Problems Will Test a First-Time Manager
Improving the lineup is only part of Kanzler’s assignment.
The Mariners experienced serious defensive problems in 2026, along with inconsistent starting pitching and a bullpen that struggled during the second half.
Those weaknesses require different solutions.
Defensive improvement may involve positioning, communication, individual technique and roster decisions.
Bullpen performance depends on available pitchers, health, workload management and how effectively the manager deploys relievers in demanding situations.
The importance of those decisions becomes particularly clear during the postseason.
In October, Tampa Bay’s route to the World Series demonstrated how pitching depth and tactical decisions could influence a championship campaign.
The Sports Encounter’s report on the Rays’ American League Championship Series victory examined the importance of pitching and roster contributions in a six-game series.
Seattle will need more dependable execution across all three phases of the game to return to that level.
Why Seattle’s Bullpen Remains an Important Offseason Decision
The Mariners have already begun making roster decisions for 2027.
Seattle exercised Andrés Muñoz’s $9 million club option despite his struggles during 2026.
Muñoz recorded 28 saves but also had 10 blown saves and a 4.24 ERA.
The organization declined Bryce Miller’s $6.075 million option, although Miller remains under team control and eligible for arbitration.
The club also declined Victor Robles’ $9 million option.
These developments demonstrate that Kanzler is joining a roster still being shaped by the front office.
He may influence how players are used, but decisions about contracts, trades and acquisitions will continue to involve Dipoto and Hollander.
That division of responsibility is important when assigning credit or blame for the team’s future performance.
Why Kanzler Beat Joe Espada in Seattle’s Final Managerial Search
The decision came down to two candidates with very different professional résumés.
Joe Espada had already managed the Houston Astros and accumulated several seasons of major league managerial experience.
Kanzler had experience coaching major league hitters and leading player development, but had never managed a professional team.
Seattle selected Kanzler after conducting in-person interviews at T-Mobile Park.
| Comparison | Jason Kanzler | Joe Espada |
|---|---|---|
| Age at November 2026 decision | 36 | 51 |
| Previous MLB manager | No | Yes |
| Major league coaching experience | Houston, 2022-2023 | Houston, including bench coaching |
| Player-development executive experience | Cubs director, 2024-2026 | Different primary career background |
| World Series championship staff | Houston, 2022 | Houston, 2022 |
| Prior MLB managerial record | None | 256-229 |
| Seattle hiring outcome | Appointed | Not selected |
The comparison illustrates what Seattle prioritized.
Espada offered direct managerial experience. Kanzler offered experience overseeing a development structure and a different approach to organizational communication.
Neither résumé can establish which candidate would have delivered better results.
That question can only be evaluated through subsequent team performance and an understanding of the roster each manager would have inherited.
Why Kanzler Is MLB’s Second-Youngest Manager
At 36, Kanzler will be younger than nearly every other active major league manager.
Washington Nationals manager Blake Butera, 34, is the only younger skipper.
Age is an interesting detail because it highlights the different paths through which baseball organizations identify leadership.
However, youth should not be confused with inexperience across every aspect of the sport.
Kanzler has spent several years coaching and directing player development.
His specific inexperience concerns the responsibilities of being the final decision-maker in the dugout.
That role involves responding to pressure, managing personalities and balancing immediate results with longer-term objectives.
The appointment gives Seattle an opportunity to test whether those skills can be developed through a different professional pathway.
What the Mariners’ 2025 ALCS Collapse Reveals About Their Unfinished Ambition
Seattle’s 2025 season remains central to understanding the expectations surrounding Kanzler.
The Mariners won 90 games and captured the AL West before reaching the American League Championship Series against Toronto.
They held a 3-2 series advantage, needing one more victory to reach the first World Series in franchise history.
Toronto won the remaining two games.
That defeat was particularly painful because Seattle remains the only current MLB franchise never to play in the World Series.
The 2026 season then transformed frustration into concern.
Instead of taking another step toward the championship, the Mariners missed the playoffs entirely.
The gap between those two seasons helps explain why the front office has chosen a new manager while retaining its ambition to compete relatively quickly.
The significance of reaching a first World Series was visible in the 2026 championship matchup between Milwaukee and Tampa Bay.
Both clubs entered the Fall Classic seeking their first title.
The Sports Encounter’s 2026 World Series preview examined the historic opportunity facing two organizations that had spent decades trying to reach baseball’s summit.
Milwaukee subsequently won the championship, providing a reminder that a carefully constructed roster can complete the journey Seattle has yet to finish.
Our report on Milwaukee’s first World Series championship detailed how its pitching depth, young players and experienced leaders combined to secure the title.
What Must Kanzler Change Before the Mariners Can Compete Again?
Seattle’s appointment should be judged against problems that can be measured rather than through promises about leadership alone.
The most important challenges involve offensive production, the development of younger players, defensive reliability, bullpen management and the relationship between coaches and the front office.
Not all these responsibilities belong exclusively to the manager.
| Priority | 2026 Problem | What Improvement Would Look Like | Primary Responsibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Offense | 664 runs, third-fewest in MLB | Higher sustained run production and stronger individual performances | Players, hitting coaches and manager |
| Star-player performance | Regression from key hitters | Evidence of improved execution and consistency | Players and coaching staff |
| Defense | Major weaknesses reported | Fewer avoidable mistakes and improved defensive metrics | Players, coaches and roster planners |
| Bullpen | Inconsistency and blown saves | More reliable late-inning results | Pitchers, manager and baseball operations |
| Accountability | Concerns following disappointing season | Clear expectations and consistent preparation | Manager and organizational leadership |
| Player development | Need to improve younger contributors | Progress into productive MLB roles | Development staff and major league coaches |
These are editorial evaluation criteria, not targets publicly announced by Kanzler or guaranteed outcomes.
They provide a useful framework for assessing his first season.
Can the Mariners Return to the Playoffs in 2027?
Seattle can realistically pursue a return to the postseason, but the appointment alone does not establish that outcome.
The Mariners won their division in 2025 and retain several established players.
That gives them a different starting position from a franchise beginning a complete rebuild.
However, the team must improve across multiple areas.
Restoring 14 wins would return Seattle to 90 victories, matching its 2025 regular-season total.
That arithmetic is straightforward. Whether 90 wins would secure a division championship or Wild Card place in 2027 depends on the records of other American League teams.
A manager can influence preparation, in-game decisions and clubhouse culture, but health, roster quality and player performance remain essential.
Seattle must therefore evaluate the progress of Kanzler and the front office together.
How Does the Mariners’ Hiring Fit the Wider MLB Managerial Shake-Up?
Seattle are not the only organization changing leadership after a disappointing 2026 campaign.
The Angels dismissed Kurt Suzuki following the first 100-loss season in their history.
Philadelphia appointed Don Mattingly as manager, while other clubs have reviewed coaching structures and organizational direction.
The decisions demonstrate different responses to poor results.
Some teams prefer experienced managers with established major league records.
Others seek candidates with specialized coaching, player-development or organizational experience.
Kanzler belongs to the latter category.
Seattle’s decision is particularly significant because the team is attempting to reverse a recent decline rather than begin a long-term rebuilding project.
In that respect, the club’s management challenge also resembles the broader accountability debate surrounding the Yankees’ decision to retain Cashman.
Front-office continuity can provide stability, but it also increases the responsibility of existing executives to demonstrate that their decisions can deliver better outcomes.
What Happens Next for Jason Kanzler and Seattle?
Kanzler’s first public introduction as Mariners manager is scheduled for November 4 at 2 p.m. Pacific Time.
The news conference should provide more detail about his baseball philosophy, intended coaching relationships and how he views the team’s immediate weaknesses.
His next major task will involve establishing a working relationship with the coaching staff and preparing for offseason roster decisions.
Seattle has already begun making moves affecting its 2027 payroll and roster.
Further developments in free agency, trades, arbitration and player rehabilitation could materially change the team Kanzler manages on Opening Day.
The manager’s first lineup and pitching decisions will not be established until the organization completes more of that work.
For supporters, the next meaningful questions concern how quickly the club can improve its offense and whether Kanzler can establish a clearer standard of preparation and execution.
The Sports Encounter Analysis: Seattle Has Chosen Development Over Experience
Jason Kanzler’s appointment is one of the more intriguing managerial decisions of the 2026 offseason.
The Mariners could have selected a candidate with established major league managerial experience.
Instead, they hired a 36-year-old executive whose strongest professional credentials involve coaching and player development.
That choice reveals what Seattle believes it needs.
The club has enough recent success to avoid treating 2027 as the beginning of an entirely new competitive cycle.
But its 14-win decline, offensive struggles and defensive weaknesses have exposed the limits of relying on the previous approach.
Kanzler’s challenge is to turn his experience developing players and coordinating coaching systems into improvements at the major league level.
The hiring also increases the stakes for Dipoto and Hollander.
If Seattle improve, their decision to choose a first-time manager could become evidence that the organization successfully identified the leadership it needed.
If the team struggles again, questions will extend beyond the dugout toward the people responsible for constructing the roster and choosing its manager.
The most useful measure of Kanzler’s first season will be whether the Mariners become a more reliable baseball team across offense, pitching, defense and decision-making.
Seattle came within one victory of the World Series in 2025 and finished 10 games below .500 the following year.
Kanzler has been hired to close that gap.
His first challenge is proving that the team’s decline can be reversed without another wholesale reconstruction.
Continue the MLB Story
MLBEight MLB Stars Face $185.2M Decision as World Series Hero Jake Bauers Weighs Brewers’ $23.15M Offer
MLBPitching Problems Exposed: Rays Lose Edwin Uceta Into 2027 as Red Sox Trade Eduardo Rivera to Cardinals
MLBMLB Offers to Delay Salary Cap Until 2028, but $1.16B Payroll Shake-Up Pushes Baseball to a December LockoutFrequently Asked Questions About Jason Kanzler and the Seattle Mariners
Who is the Seattle Mariners’ new manager for 2027?
Jason Kanzler was appointed on November 3, 2026, replacing Dan Wilson.
How old is Jason Kanzler?
Kanzler was 36 when Seattle appointed him, making him the second-youngest active MLB manager behind Washington’s Blake Butera.
Has Jason Kanzler managed an MLB team before?
No. The Seattle appointment is his first managerial position at any professional level.
Which team did Kanzler work for before joining Seattle?
He served as the Chicago Cubs’ director of player development from 2024 through 2026.
Was Jason Kanzler part of a World Series-winning team?
Yes. He worked on the Houston Astros’ major league coaching staff during their 2022 World Series championship season.
Why did Seattle replace Dan Wilson?
The Mariners finished 76-86 in 2026 after winning the AL West and reaching the ALCS in 2025. The organization concluded that a change in management was needed.
What was Dan Wilson’s record as Mariners manager?
Wilson finished with 187 wins and 171 losses, a winning percentage of approximately .522.
Who was Seattle’s other finalist for manager?
Former Houston Astros manager Joe Espada was the other finalist reported during the concluding stage of the search.
How many runs did the Mariners score in 2026?
Seattle scored 664 runs in 162 games, averaging approximately 4.10 per game, the third-lowest total in Major League Baseball.
Have the Seattle Mariners ever reached the World Series?
No. Seattle remains the only current MLB franchise that has never appeared in a World Series. Its most recent close opportunity came in the 2025 ALCS, when Toronto eliminated the Mariners in Game 7.



